Endorsements

ENDORSEMENTS and FARs
Resources
Part 61
AC 61-65 Certification Pilots, Flight Instructors and Ground Instructors
AC 61-98, Currency and Additional Qualification Requirements for Certificated Pilots.
AC 61-107, Operations of Aircraft at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet Mean Sea Level or Mach Numbers Greater Than .75.
FAA-G-8082-1, Airline Transport Pilot, Aircraft Dispatcher, and Flight Navigator Knowledge Test Guide.
FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide.
FAA-G-8082-7, Flight and Ground Instructor Knowledge Test Guide.
FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide.
FAA Order 8710.3, Designated Pilot and Flight Engineer Examiner’s Handbook.
FAA Order 8080.6, Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests

FAR’s
Part 61 contains the regs we need to follow for certification of pilots and flight instructors
Most of the regs in 61 you’ll need to be very familiar with and some will need to be memorized
Memorize the requirements for Student, Private and Commercial
Also those regs concerning Flight Instructors

Definitions Part 61.1
Authorized instructor means
(i) A person who holds a ground instructor certificate issued under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with § 61.217, when conducting ground training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her ground instructor certificate;
(ii) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate issued under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with §61.197, when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her flight instructor certificate; or
(iii) A person authorized by the Administrator to provide ground training or flight training under FAR No. 58, or part 61, 121, 135, or 142 of this chapter when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with that authority.

Definitions Part 61.1
Cross-country time means—
(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) through (b)(3)(vi) of this section, time acquired during flight—
(A) Conducted by a person who holds a pilot certificate;
(B) Conducted in an aircraft;
(C) That includes a landing at a point other than the point of departure; and
(D) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation
aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

Definitions Part 61.1
Cross-country time means—
(ii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience requirements (except for a rotorcraft category rating), for a private pilot certificate (except for a powered parachute category rating), a commercial pilot certificate, or an instrument rating, or for the purpose of exercising recreational pilot privileges (except in a rotorcraft) under § 61.101 (c), time acquired during a flight—
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.
Definitions Part 61.1
Flight training means that training, other than ground training, received from an authorized instructor in flight in an aircraft.
Ground training means that training, other than flight training, received from an authorized instructor.

Definitions Part 61.1
Knowledge test means a test on the aeronautical knowledge areas required for an airman certificate or rating that can be administered in written form or by a computer.
Practical test means a test on the areas of operations for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization that is conducted by having the applicant respond to questions and demonstrate maneuvers in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.

Definitions Part 61.1
Set of aircraft means aircraft that share similar performance characteristics, such as similar airspeed and altitude operating envelopes, similar handling characteristics, and the same number and type of propulsion systems.

Part 61
61.2 You must have a valid certificate to operate, a valid medical and be current
61.3 You must have these in your possession or readily accessible
61.4 Flight simulators
61.5 Certificates issued under this part
61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings
61.8 Unmanned ops
Part 61
61.11 Expired certificates

–Can’t use your CFI if your out of currency

61.13 Issuance of certificates

–Covers the need for the 8710

61.14 Incorporation by Reference

–Makes the PTS and ACS part of part 61

61.15 Alcohol and drugs
61.16 Refusal of the alcohol test
61.17 Temporary certificate

–Good for 120 days

Part 61
61.19 Duration of Certificates

–Student, Pilot, CFI and Ground are issued without expiration dates

CFI is now based on currency on a 24 month basis
61.21 Cat II and Cat III stuff
61.23 Memorize! Duration of Medical
Flight Instructors do not need a medical
61.25 Name change
61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange

Part 61
61.29 Replacement of lost certificate

–Your students will lose theirs sooner or later

61.31 Type ratings, additional training and authorizations

–High perf., Complex, Tailwheel, all stuff you will need to talk about unless you do not possess associated endorsement

–A.68 To act as PIC in a complex airplane: § 61.31(e). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name], [grade of pilot certificate], [certificate number], has received the required training of § 61.31(e) in a [M/M] complex airplane. I have determined that they are proficient in the operation and systems of a complex airplane.

–A.69 To act as PIC in a high-performance airplane: § 61.31(f). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name], [grade of pilot certificate], [certificate number], has received the required training of § 61.31(f) in a [M/M] high-performance airplane. I have determined that they are proficient in the operation and systems of a high-performance airplane.

–A.71 To act as PIC in a tailwheel airplane: § 61.31(i). This endorsement may be given in a sport pilot aircraft by a sport pilot instructor or in an airplane by a flight instructor with a rating other than a sport pilot rating. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name], [grade of pilot certificate], [certificate number], has received the required training of § 61.31(i) in a [M/M] of tailwheel airplane. I have determined that they are proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane.

61.33 Tests: general procedure
61.35 AKT

–Most need an endorsement some don’t

61.37 AKT cheating
Part 61
61.39 Prerequisites for the Practical

–AKT good for 24 months, have the training, at least 3rd class medical, correct age, have endorsements

–A.1 Prerequisites for practical test: § 61.39(a)(6)(i) and (ii). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received and logged training time within 2 calendar months preceding the month of application in preparation for the practical test and they are prepared for the required practical test for the issuance of [applicable] certificate.

–A.2 Review of deficiencies identified on airman knowledge test: § 61.39(a)(6)(iii), as required. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which they were deficient on the [applicable] airman knowledge test.

61.40 Relief for CFI’s in support of Armed Forces outside of the USA
61.41 Flight training received outside the USA
61.43 Practical Tests General Procedures

–Covers what is stated in the ACS/PTS

Part 61
61.45 Practical Tests: Required aircraft and equipment

–May use the sim for the test, airplane must be appropriate cat, class and airworthy, view limiting device, single controls (Bonanza)

61.47 Status and responsibilities of an examiner

–The examiner is not PIC on the test

61.49 Retesting after Failure

–Applies to AKT and practical, may be a different instructor giving the endorsement for retest, for CFI if stall spin is failed you will need to demonstrate spins

–A.73 Retesting after failure of a knowledge or practical test: § 61.49. In the case of a failed knowledge test, the instructor may complete the endorsement in the space provided at the bottom of the applicant’s Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR). The instructor must sign the block provided for the instructor’s recommendation on the reverse side of FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, for each retake of a practical test.

Part 61
61.51 Memorize Pilot Logbooks, know who and when PIC can be logged, you must sign dual flight instruction given when appropriate
61.52 Ultralight stuff
61.53 Medical Deficiency
61.55 Second in command
Part 61
61.56 Flight Review, since you will be giving these you need to know this one

–AC 61-98 see this for more info on how to conduct one

–A.65 Completion of a flight review: § 61.56(a) and (c). No logbook entry reflecting unsatisfactory performance on a flight review is required. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name], [grade of pilot certificate], [certificate number], has satisfactorily completed a flight review of § 61.56(a) on [date].

61.57 Recent flight experience
61.58 PIC proficiency check, deals with jets
61.59 Falsification, reproduction or alterations
61.60 Change of Address
Part 61
Subpart B Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations
61.6 Applicability
61.63 Additional aircraft ratings

–Additional Cat rating:

–Student must have the training and the time

–CFI must train and endorse

–No AKT if going from powered to powered (glider needs one)

–Additional Class rating:

–No specific hourly requirement

–CFI must train and endorse

–No AKT if going from powered to powered

Part 61
61.64 Use of flight sim or FTD
61.65 Instrument Rating requirements

–CFI may give training to IFR students

–40 hrs of instrument time of which 15 must come from a CFII

–CFII must make the endorsements

61.66 Enhanced flight vision systems
61.67 Cat II
61.68 Cat III
61.69 Glider towing
61.71 Graduates of approved training program other than this part
61.73 Military pilots
61.75 Private pilot cert based on foreign pilot license
61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization
Part 61 Student Pilots
Subpart C Student Pilots
61.81 through 61.95 This is a huge part of the test – know this backwards and forwards
When making endorsements keep in mind:

–Each endorsement must be legible and include the instructor’s signature, date of signature, certificated flight instructor (CFI) or certificated ground instructor certificate number, and flight instructor recent experience (RE) end date or certificate expiration date, as applicable.

–For Example:

For a flight instructor certificate without an expiration date: [date] /s/ J. J. Jones 987654321CFI RE 12-31-2026
For a flight instructor certificate with an expiration date: [date] /s/ J. J. Jones 987654321CFI Exp. 01-31-2025
For a ground instructor: [date] /s/ J. J. Jones 987654321
Student Pilots
There are a total of 12 possible endorsements for student pilots (including the TSA endorsement)
Each endorsement must be legible and include the instructor’s signature, date of signature, certificated flight instructor (CFI) or certificated ground instructor (CGI) certificate number, and certificate expiration date, if applicable.
Student Pilots
TSA
Presolo aeronautical knowledge
Presolo flight training
Presolo flight training at night
Solo flight (1 time endorsement saying you have made student aware of limitations)
Solo flight (each additional 90 day period)
Solo takeoffs and landings at another airport within 25nm
Initial solo cross-country flight
Solo cross-country flight (planning review)
Repeated solo cross-country flights not more than 50nm
Solo flight in class B
Solo flight to, from or at an airport located in class B
Part 61 Student Pilots
Before giving any flight training the TSA endorsement must be issued:
A.14 Endorsement of U.S. citizenship recommended by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA): Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) part 1552, § 1552.15(c). The flight instructor must keep a copy of the documents used to provide proof of citizenship for 5 years or make the following endorsement in the student’s logbook and the instructor’s logbook or other record used to record flight student endorsements with the following:
I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has presented me a [type of document presented, such as a U.S. birth certificate or U.S. passport, and the relevant control or sequential number on the document, if any] establishing that they are a U.S. citizen or national in accordance with 49 CFR § 1552.15(c).
You will need to do a little research on this go to the TSA website and search for stakeholders
The alphabet organizations have good how to’s and articles
AOPA has a really good site for resources on this
http://www.aopa.org/Pilot-Resources/Flight-Instructor-Resources/AOPAs-Guide-to-TSAs-Alien-Flight-Training-Citizenship-Validation-Rule
Alternatively you can sift through the source docs at the TSA site
http://www.tsa.gov/stakeholders/general-aviation

Part 61Student Pilot
61.81 Applicability
61.83 Eligibility

–16 years old

–English proficient

61.85 Application

–8710

61.87 Solo Requirements for student pilots

–61.87 a General, defines solo

–61.87 b Aeronautical Knowledge

–Pre-solo written exam

CFI can make or buy
Must contain 3 items:

–Applicable sections of 61 and 91

–Airspace rules for the airport they will solo at

–Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the make and model aircraft

Must be corrected, reviewed with student by CFI making the endorsement
A.3 Presolo aeronautical knowledge: § 61.87(b).
I certify that (First name, MI, Last name) has satisfactorily completed the presolo knowledge test of § 61.87(b) for the (make and model aircraft).
/s/ [date] J. J. Jones 987654321CFI Exp. 12-31-05

Part 61Student Pilot
61.87 c Presolo Flight Training
States the CFI will provide the training required to solo
Once the CFI has done this give the following endorsement
A.4 Pre-solo flight training: § 61.87(c)(1) and (2). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received and logged pre-solo flight training for the maneuvers and procedures that are appropriate to the [M/M] aircraft. I have determined they have demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety on the maneuvers and procedures required by § 61.87 in this or similar make and model of aircraft to be flown. /s/ [date] J. J. Jones 987654321CFI Exp. 12-31-05
Part 61 Student Pilots
61.87 d Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a single-engine airplane

–Cover 1-15 make sure these are logged in the student’s logbook

61.87 n Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight

–States the CFI has made the student aware of limitations for solo

–When this is done make the following endorsement

A.6 Solo flight (first 90-calendar-day period): § 61.87(n). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training to qualify for solo flying. I have determined they meet the applicable requirements of § 61.87(n) and are proficient to make solo flights in [M/M].
61.87 o Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight at night

–Provide the training listed in 1-3

–This is not an endorsement to be given lightly

A.5 Pre-solo flight training at night: § 61.87(o). Flight training must be received within the 90-calendar-day period preceding the date of the flight. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received flight training at night on night flying procedures that include takeoffs, approaches, landings, and go-arounds at night at the [airport name] airport where the solo flight will be conducted; navigation training at night in the vicinity of the [airport name] airport where the solo flight will be conducted. This endorsement expires 90 calendar days from the date the flight training at night was received.
61.87 p Limitations on flight instructors authorizing solo flight

–The CFI must have flown with the student and agree with 61.87 c

–They must be proficient in the make and model for all of 1-15

A.7 Solo flight (each additional 90-calendar-day period): § 61.87(p). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training to qualify for solo flying. I have determined that they meet the applicable requirements of § 61.87(p) and are proficient to make solo flights in [M/M].
Part 61 Student Pilots
61.89 General limitations

–Cover the list 1-8

–D covers basic med as a student

61.93 Solo cross-country flight requirements

–Until this is complied with no flights over 25nm and no landings at any other airports

–There are 3 levels to cross-country privileges

1. Airports within 25nm
2. Repeated flights not more than 50nm
3. Solo cross-country beyond 50nm

–For level 1 comply with paragraph b 1 (i-v) and give the following endorsement:

–A.8 Solo takeoffs and landings at another airport within 25 nautical miles (NM): § 61.93(b)(1). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.93(b)(1). I have determined that they are proficient to practice solo takeoffs and landings at [airport name]. The takeoffs and landings at [airport name] are subject to the following conditions: [List any applicable conditions or limitations.]

–For levels 2 and 3:

–Comply with paragraph a 2 (i-iv) and paragraph c 1-3, give the instruction of paragraph e 1-12 and issue the following endorsement:

–A.9 Solo cross-country flight: § 61.93(c)(1) and (2). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required solo cross-country training. I find they have met the applicable requirements of § 61.93 and are proficient to make solo cross-country flights in a [M/M] aircraft, [aircraft category].

–For level 2 only, issue the following endorsement:

–A.11 Repeated solo cross-country flights not more than 50 NM from the point of departure: § 61.93(b)(2). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training in both directions between and at both [airport names]. I have determined that they are proficient of § 61.93(b)(2) to conduct repeated solo cross-country flights over that route, subject to the following conditions: [List any applicable conditions or limitations.]

–For level 3 only, issue the endorsement for each individual cross-country for every x-c flight

–A.10 Solo cross-country flight: § 61.93(c)(3). I have reviewed the cross-country planning of [First name, MI, Last name]. I find the planning and preparation to be correct to make the solo flight from [origination airport] to [origination airport] via [route of flight] with landings at [names of the airports] in a [M/M] aircraft on [date]. [List any applicable conditions or limitations.]

–Any CFI may make the A.10 endorsement, they need not have flown with the student

–However comply with paragraph d 1-5 before signing

Part 61 Student Pilots
61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate: Operations at airports within, and in airspace located within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or at airports with an operational control tower in other airspace.

–Consult this reg if you get a Rec pilot

61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within Class B airspace.

–Students may not operate in Class B without ground and flight training in the associated class B and have the following endorsement:

–A.12 Solo flight in Class B airspace: § 61.95(a). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.95(a). I have determined they are proficient to conduct solo flights in [name of Class B] airspace. [List any applicable conditions or limitations.]

–Same applies to landing at a class B and the following endorsement:

–A.13 Solo flight to, from, or at an airport located in Class B airspace: § 61.95(b) and § 91.131(b)(1). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.95(b)(1). I have determined that they are proficient to conduct solo flight operations at [name of airport]. [List any applicable conditions or limitations.]

Part 61 Recreational Pilots
Subpart D
You may be asked about these rare pilots so read and be familiar with the regs but they are few and far between so probably won’t come up on the practical, but it could so have a strategy here.
Part 61 Private Pilots
Subpart E Private Pilots
61.102 Applicability
61.103 Eligibility requirements

–17 years old, English proficient, have an endorsement for the AKT, have the hours required by 61.109, pass the AKT, pass the practical test, hold at least a student, sport or rec pilot certificate

61.105 Aeronautical knowledge

–All items paragraph b 1-13 must be received and logged in the logbook and signed

–Once this is done issue the following endorsement:

–A.32 Aeronautical knowledge test: §§ 61.35(a)(1), 61.103(d), and 61.105. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training in accordance with § 61.105. I have determined they are prepared for the [name of] knowledge test.

61.107 Flight Proficiency

–Cover Areas of operation paragraph b 1 (i-xii)

61.109 Aeronautical Experience

–Paragraph a covers the time needed to complete

–Know these time requirements!

–Once complete give the following endorsements:

–A.33 Flight proficiency/practical test: §§ 61.103(f), 61.107(b), and 61.109. The endorsement for a practical test is required in addition to the § 61.39 endorsements provided in paragraphs A.1 and A.2. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training in accordance with §§ 61.107 and 61.109. I have determined they are prepared for the [name of] practical test.

–And endorse the 8710 through IACRA

Part 61 Private Pilots
61.110 Night flying exceptions
61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands
61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
Part 61 Commercial Pilots
Subpart F
61.121 Applicabilty
61.123 Eligibility requirements

–18 years old, English proficient, have an endorsement for the AKT, have the hours required by 61.129, pass the AKT, pass the practical test, hold at least a private pilot certificate

61.125 Aeronautical knowledge

–All items paragraph b 1-16 must be received and logged in the logbook and signed

–Once this is done issue the following endorsement:

–A.34 Aeronautical knowledge test: §§ 61.35(a)(1), 61.123(c), and 61.125. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.125. I have determined that they are prepared for the [name of] knowledge test.

61.127 Flight proficiency

–Cover Areas of Operation paragraph b 1 (i-xi)

61.129 Aeronautical experience

–Paragraph a covers the time needed to complete

–Know these time requirements!

–Once complete give the following endorsements:

–A.35 Flight proficiency/practical test: §§ 61.123(e), 61.127, and 61.129. The endorsement for a practical test is required in addition to the § 61.39 endorsements provided in paragraphs A.1 and A.2. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of §§ 61.127 and 61.129. I have determined that they are prepared for the [name of] practical test.

–And endorse the 8710 through IACRA

Part 61 Commercial Pilots
61.131 Exceptions to the night flying requirements.
61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations.
Part 61 Flight Instructors
61.181 Applicability
61.183 Eligibility requirements

–18 years old, English proficient, have an endorsement for the FOI AKT, pass the AKT’s (FOI,FIA), endorsement for 61.187, spin training endorsement, have at least 15 hours PIC in cat and class, pass the practical test, hold at least a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating for SEL

61.185 Aeronautical knowledge

–Receive and log ground training on a 1 (i-vi) FOI

61.187 Flight proficiency

–Areas of operation b 1 (i-xiv)

61.189 Flight instructor records

–Must sign dual given

–Name and date of each person endorsed for solo

–Name, date and results of endorsement for an AKT or practical

–Keep records for 3 years

61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings
61.193 Flight instructor privileges

–What you can do as a CFI

61.195 flight instructor limitations and qualifications
61.197 Recent experience requirements for flight instructor certification

–24 calendar months with a 3 month window

–b 1 and b 2

61.199 Reinstatement of flight instructor privileges

–May do a FIRC up to 3 months past date

–If not take another practical

–Get another CFI rating

Endorsements for CFI
A.1 Prerequisites for practical test: § 61.39(a)(6)(i) and (ii). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received and logged training time within 2 calendar months preceding the month of application in preparation for the practical test and they are prepared for the required practical test for the issuance of [applicable] certificate.
A.2 Review of deficiencies identified on airman knowledge test: § 61.39(a)(6)(iii), as required. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which they were deficient on the [applicable] airman knowledge test. A.41 Fundamentals of instructing knowledge test: § 61.183(d). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required fundamentals of instruction training of § 61.185(a)(1). I have determined that they are prepared for the Fundamentals of Instructing knowledge test.
A.42 Flight instructor aeronautical knowledge test: § 61.183(f). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.185(a)[(2) or (3) (as appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought)]. I have determined that they are prepared for the [name of] knowledge test.
A.43 Flight instructor ground and flight proficiency/practical test: § 61.183(g). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.187(b). I have determined that they are prepared for the CFI – [aircraft category and class] practical test. Note: The endorsement for a practical test is required in addition to the § 61.39 endorsements provided in endorsements 1 and 2 (see paragraphs A.1 and A.2).
A.45 Spin training: § 61.183(i)(1). The spin training endorsement is only required of flight instructor airplane and flight instructor glider applicants. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.183(i) in [an airplane, a glider]. I have determined that they are competent and possess instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures.

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